- Loading...
- No images or files uploaded yet.
apbiosemonefinalreview
Note: Hover with your cursor over images to see if there is any alternative text that may explain the diagram/image. If images do not fit the screen, your standard web browser may not be enlarged/maxmized. Please either maximize the browser, or increase its width. Thank you and good luck on the AP Bio First Semester Final Exam!
Chapter 30 Review
· All angiosperms are in a single phylum – Anthophyta. · Two main classes of angiosperms: monocots and dicots; They differ in anatomical and morphological details; o Example: monocots have leaves with veins running parallel, while dicots have netlike venation in their leaves. o Monocots fall into a monophyletic group – a clade. o Eudicots – includes the majority of dicots but that not all dicots fall into this category.
o Oldest angiosperm branch of all is represented by Amborella trichopoda. It is placed on the oldest branch of angiosperm evolution.
· Refinements in vascular tissue (esp. xylem) played a role in the spread of angiosperms. Angiosperms (like gymnosperms) have tracheids – xylem cells – which function in mechanical support and water transport (above). o Xylem cells of angiosperms also have fiber cells – specialized for support; o Vessel element (xylem cell) – shorter and wider than tracheids and are continuous tubes – more efficient than tracheids in water transport. · Reproductive adaptations associated with flowers and fruits that contributed to making angiosperms most successful.
· The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for reproduction – four circles of modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. o Sepals at the bottom of flower – green – enclose flower before it opens. o Petals – brightly colored – aid in attracting insects and other pollinators. § Flowers that are wind-pollinated lack bright-colored parts. o Sepals and petals are sterile floral parts – not directly involved in reproduction. o Stamens are the male reproductive organs – produce microspores; stamens have stalks called filaments and an anther where pollen is produced. o Carpels are the female sporophylls – make megaspores; tip of carpel = stigma (sticky) that receives pollen; style leads to the ovary at the base of the carpel; within the ovary are ovules – develop into seeds after fertilization. · Enclosure of seeds within ovary distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms.
· A fruit is a mature ovary. Fruits protect dormant seeds and aid in dispersal. o Various modifications to fruits help disperse seeds – seeds that function like kits/propellers; use of animals – burrs to cling to animal fur; mammals and birds may deposit seeds, along with a supply of fertilizer after eating. o Wall of ovary becomes pericarp – thickened wall of fruit. · Fruits classified into several types depending on developmental origin. o Simple fruit = derived from single ovary – fleshy or dry. o Aggregate fruit = results from a single flower that has several carpels. o Multiple fruit = develops from an inflorescence – group of flowers tightly clustered together – fusion of walls of ovaries. · Interactions with animals that transport pollen and seeds have helped angiosperms become the most successful plants on Earth.
· Angiosperms are heterosporous – flower of sporophyte produces microspores (form male gametophytes) and megaspores (form female gametophytes). o Immature male gametophytes contained in pollen grains – develop in anther. o Pollen grains have two haploid cells; o Ovules develop in ovary – contains female gametophyte – embryo sac – one cell is egg. o Pollen carried to sticky stigma at tip of carpel; most flowers have mechanisms that ensure cross-pollination – pollen grain germinates after it sticks to carpel. The grain extends a tube that grows down within the style of the carpel which releases two sperm cells into female gametophyte (embryo sac) – one sperm nucleus unites with egg (diploid zygote) and other sperm nucleus fuses with two nuclei in large center cell of female gametophyte – triploid nucleus = double fertilization. o Function of double fertilization – synchronizes development of food storage in seed with development of embryo – prevents flowering plants from squandering nutrients on infertile ovules. · The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with root and either one or two seed leaves – cotyledons (monocots have one seed leaf and dicots have two); triploid nucleus divides = endosperm tissue for food reserves.
· At the end of the Cretaceous period (65 million years ago) – angiosperms radiated and become the dominant plants on Earth – boundary between Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. · Angiosperms and animals have shaped one another’s evolution = coevolution.
Chapter 35 Review
· A plant’s structure reflects interactions with the environment on two time scales – long term: entire plant species by natural selection accumulated morphological adaptations that enhance survival and reproductive success; short term – individual plants exhibit structural responses to specific environment. · The basic morphology of plants reflects their evolutionary history as terrestrial organisms inhabiting and drawing resources from soil and air. Adaptations for resources are the root system and the shoot system. Both systems require each other to live. · Roots anchor plant in the soil, absorb minerals and water, and store food. o Monocots have fibrous root systems – thin roots spread out below soil surface. It extends the plant’s exposure to soil water and minerals.
o Dicots have a taproot system – consists of one large vertical root and many smaller lateral roots. Taproots store food as well.
o Root hairs increase surface area of root – extensions of epidermal cells on root surface – helps with absorption of water and minerals. o Adventitious roots – roots arising aboveground from stems/leaves. · Shoots consists of stems and leaves – vegetative (leaf bearing) of reproductive (flower bearing). o Stem is an alternating system of nodes – points where leaves are attached, and internodes – stem segments between nodes. o Axillary bud – structure that has potential to form vegetative branch. o Growth of shoot is at the tip – terminal bud – with developing leaves. o Apical dominance = presence of terminal bud inhibits growth of axillary buds. Concentration of resources on growing taller = increase plant’s exposure to light. If growing taller is not favorable – axillary buds break dormancy and grow – give rise to vegetative branch.
o Modified shoots with diverse functions have evolved in many plants; stolons – enable a plant to colonize large areas asexually; rhizomes – horizontal stems that are similar to stolons but grow underground. o Leaves – main photosynthetic organs of plants – consist of blade, stalk, and petiole (joins leaf to a node of the stem). o Monocots have parallel major veins while dicots have a multi-branched network of major veins. o Most very large leaves are compound or doubly compound – allows leaves to withstand strong wind with less tearing and confines some pathogens that invade leaf to single leaflet.
· Plant organs have three tissue systems – dermal, vascular, and ground. Each tissue system is continuous throughout plant body. · Dermal tissue (epidermis) – single layer of cells that covers/protects young parts of plant. o Root hairs absorb water and minerals and are extensions of epidermal cells. o Cuticle = waxy coating on leaves that helps aerial parts of plant retain H2O. · Vascular tissue – involved in transport of materials between roots and shoots. o Xylem – water and dissolved minerals upward from roots and shoots. o Phloem – transports food made in mature leaves to roots and non-photosynthetic parts of plant.
o Water conducting elements of xylem = tracheids and vessel elements – elongated cells that are dead at “functional maturity” (stage in cell’s development when it is fully specialized for its function). Non-living conduit through which water can flow is formed at functional maturity. o Tracheids and vessels form in parts of the plant that are no longer elongating; their secondary walls are interrupted by pits (thinner regions where only primary walls are present). o Tracheids are long, thin cells with tapered ends – water moves from cell to cell through pits; Tracheids’ secondary walls are hardened with lignin – function in support (tracheids). o Vessel elements are wider, shorter, thinner walled, and aligned end to end forming long micropipes (xylem vessels). End of walls = perforated. o Sieve-tube members = chains of cells that create tubes as phloem. They are alive at functional maturity. o Sieve plates – end walls between sieve tube members in angiosperms – have pores that facilitate flow of fluid from cell to cell. Companion cell – non-conducting cell which serves the sieve-tube member through its nucleus and ribosomes.
· Ground tissue is tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular – dicot stems = pith – internal to the vascular tissue and cortex – external to the vascular tissue. o Ground tissue functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support.
· Protoplast = cell contents exclusive of the cell wall; · Parenchyma cells – have primary walls that are thin and flexible and lack secondary walls; protoplast has large central vacuole. Parenchyma cells are “typical” plant cells because they are the least specialized. o Parenchyma cells perform metabolic functions – synthesizing and storing various organic products. o Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts of parenchyma cells and parenchyma cells form fruit. o Mature parenchyma cells do not generally undergo cell division but have the ability to do so under special conditions (e.g. injury to plant). · Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls than parenchyma cells – unevenly thickened. These cells are grouped in strands/cylinders – help support young parts of plant shoots. · Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls with lignin – function in support – mature sclerenchyma cells cannot elongate and occur in regions of the plant that have stopped growing. Many are dead at functional maturity. o Fibers and sclereids = two types of sclerenchyma cells. o Fibers usually occur in groups; sclereids are shorter than fibers and irregular in shape.
· Growth is the irreversible increase in mass: it results from cell division/expansion; Development is known as the sum of all of the changes that, progressively over time, elaborate an organism's body. · Annuals – complete their life cycle from germination through flowering and seed production to death in a single year/less. · Biennials’ life spans are two years; some live through an intervening cold period between vegetative growth and flowering. · Perennials – live for many years – usually die from an infection or environmental trauma such as fire/sever drought. · Meristems – embryonic tissues that allow a plant to have indeterminate growth because meristematic cells can divide to produce cells for the plant either specialized or undifferentiated. o Initials are cells that remain as wellsprings of new cells in the meristem; o Derivatives are new cells displaced from the meristem until the cells that they produce through division specialize within developing tissue. · Apical meristems – located at tips of roots and in buds of shoots – grow in length. · Primary growth – enables roots to grow through soil and increase shoot length for increased exposure to light and CO2. · Secondary growth (woody plants only) – thickening of roots and shoots; occurs after primary growth due to lateral meristems - cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots. One lateral meristem replaces the epidermis with a secondary dermal tissue (e.g. bark - thicker and tougher). o Wood is secondary xylem that accumulates over the years. · Woody plants – primary and secondary growth occur in tandem but in different locations; primary growth is restricted to youngest parts of plant.
· Primary plant body – parts of root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems. · Root cap – physically protects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil. Three zones of cells of primary growth: zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and the zone of maturation. o Zone of cell division – apical meristem and derivatives (primary meristems). Center of the apical meristem is the quiescent center – divides much more slowly than other meristematic cells – can restore meristem. o Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem – primary meristems that will produce dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. · Zone of elongation - cells elongate here - mainly responsible for pushing the root tip ahead. The meristem sustains growth here by continuously adding cells to the youngest end of the zone of elongation. · Zone of maturation - where elongation grades into maturation - the three tissue systems produced by primary growth complete differentiation.
· Protoderm – outermost primary meristem – gives rise to epidermis. Water and minerals absorbed must enter through epidermis. · Procambium – gives rise to stele – central cylinder of vascular tissue where xylem and phloem develop. o Dicot roots – stele is made up almost entirely of differentiated phloem and xylem cells. o Monocot roots – most centrally located cell in stele do not typically differentiate – unspecialized parenchyma cells. · Between protoderm and procambium = ground meristem; ground tissue = parenchyma cells – fills cortex (region of root between stele and epidermis) – store food and uptake of minerals. o Innermost layer of cortex = endodermis – selective barrier that regulates passage of substances from soil solution into vascular tissue of stele. · Lateral roots – arise from outermost layer of stele – pericycle. o Pericycle = layer of cells that may become meristematic. · Within a bud, leaf primordial are crowded close together b/c internodes are very short. Actual elongation occurs by growth in length of older internodes below shoot apex. Growth is due to cell division and elongation within internode. · Axillary buds have potential to form branches of shoot system. · Lateral roots originate from deep within a main root as outgrowth from the pericycle. Branches of the shoot system originate from axillary buds, at the surface of a main shoot. Branches can develop with connections to vascular tissue w/o having to originate from deep w/in the main shoot unlike lateral roots. · Vascular bundles – vascular tissue runs the length of the stem. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by ground tissue. o Dicots: vascular bundles arranged in ring; xylem innermost and phloem outermost. o Monocots: vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue. o Ground tissue of stem is mostly parenchyma but may be strengthened by collenchyma located beneath the epidermis; sclerenchmya cells in fiber cells w/in vascular bundles helps support stems. · Epidermis composted of cells tightly interlocked – cuticle (waxy) prevents water loss; stomata – pores flanked by specialized epidermal cells called guard cells. Stoma = gap between guard cells. · Ground tissue of leaf is between upper and lower epidermis in mesophyll. o Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis. o Dicots’ leaves have two regions of mesophyll: palisade parenchyma (columnar shaped cells) and spongy parenchyma (air spaces through which CO2 and O2 circulate around irregularly shaped cells). o Vascular infrastructure functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of a leaf.
· Secondary plant body – tissues produced during secondary growth. o Vascular cambium – produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem and cork cambium – tough/thick covering, for stems and roots, that replaces the epidermis. o Secondary growth occurs in all gymnosperms, but in angiosperms it only takes place in most dicot species but is rare in monocots. · The vascular cambium forms from parenchyma cells that have the capacity to divide/become meristematic. · Ray initials – cambium cells that produce radial files of parenchyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays. o Xylem and phloem rays function as living avenues for radial transport of water and nutrients within a woody stem and in the storage of starch. · Fusiform initials – cambium cells within vascular bundles – have tapered ends and are elongated along the axis of the stem. o Fuisform initials produce new vascular tissue forming secondary xylem to the inside of the vascular cambium and forming secondary phloem to the outside. · Wood consists mainly of tracheids, vessel elements (in angiosperms) and fibers. o In temperate regions, secondary growth in perennial plants is interrupted when the vascular cambium becomes dormant during winter; when secondary growth resumes in spring, the first tracheids and vessel cells to develop have large diameters and thin walls compared to the secondary xylem produced later in the summer – it is possible to distinguish early wood (produced in spring) from late wood (produced in summer). · Structure of early wood maximizes delivery of water to new leaves; the thick-walled cells of late wood support the tree. o Annual growth rings evident in cross section of tree trunks in temperate regions result from yearly activity of vascular cambium. · Once epidermis produced by primary growth falls off stem, it is replaced by cork cambium – cylinder of meristematic tissue that forms outer cortex of stem. o Cork cambium produces cork cells which deposit a waxy material known as suberin in their walls – functions as a barrier that helps protect the stem from physical damage and pathogens. o Layers of cork and cork cambium make up the periderm – coat of secondary plant body that replaces epidermis of primary plant body. o Periderm may split open because cork cambium is more active than elsewhere – lenticels – make it possible for living cells within trunk to exchange gases with outside air for cellular respiration. · Bark – refers to all tissues external to vascular cambium (phloem + periderm). · Youngest secondary phloem functions in sugar transport while secondary phloem (older) protects stem – eventually falls off – does not accumulate. · Several zones of cross section of tree trunk – heartwood and sapwood (secondary xylem); o Heartwood = core (no longer functions in water transport); sapwood still functions in transport. · Younger parts of roots function in absorption of water and minerals while older parts of roots anchor plant.
Chapter 36 ReviewI. Transport of Water & Minerals into RootsA. Large surface area for absorption through root hairs (epidermal extension), mycorrhize (mycellium of fungus) B. General pathyway of water and minerals a. Soil to epidermis to root cortex to endodermis to xylem C. Path of water and minerals is example of lateral transport and involves apoplast and symplast types of lateral movement described previously
D. Only water and minerals that move via symplastic route may enter endodermis, stele, and then xylem E. Casparian strip prevents passage of water/minerals into stele via apoplastic route F. Casparian strip (waxy, impermeable to water, suberin) acts as a screen ensuring minerals to enter the stele but not out. G. WAter enters xylem through pits via diffusion H. WAter enters because active transport is pumping ions and minerals into the cell walls of xylem cellss a. creating a negative water potential so water moves into the xylem SEE Below how that magical thing works :)
· Differences in water potential drive water transport in plant cells o Water will move by osmosis from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions. o Water potential (Greek symbol psi) is the combination of solute concentration and pressure (water from high potential to low potential). o Use of megapascals (MPa) where 1 MPa = 10 atmospheres of pressure. 0 MPa for pure water. o A 0.1 molar solution of any solute has water potential of -0.23 MPa. o Water potential is directly proportional to pressure. There is an inverse relationship of water potential to solute concentration. It is also possible to create a negative pressure, or tension on water/solutions. o Turgor pressure in plant cells is when the water potential is zero or the wall pressure is great enough to offset the tendency for water to enterbecause of the solutes in the cell
Aquaporins affect the rate of water transport across membranes Aquaporins = specific channels for passive traffic of water through transport proteins. They affect the rate at which water diffuses.
1) A flaccid plant is placed in pure water. What happens? a) Nothing b) The plant gains water c) the plant loses water 2) The Ψ of a plant cell is -0.6 MPa. What would the turgor pressure be when the plant stops accepting water?
Answer: 1) B 2) .6
I. The minerals and water can't leak out because of the casparian strip. it only moves up
II. Transport of Water within xylemA. Because of active transport of minerals into root and water potential differences between root and soil, water is constantly moving into the root. B. COnstant movement of water into the root creates a positive pressure, pushing water up the xylem which creates root pressure C. Root pressure at night creates guttations a. guttation makes dew on leaves on cool summer nights D. Guttation is the mthod where water is forced out of short plants through hydrothodes, special pores. E. Root Pressure in tall plants is insufficient at pushing water up the xylem F. Water is not pushed up the plant, it is pulled by water loss due to transpiration which creates tension G. THe properties of H2O as a polar covalent molecule (adhesion and cohesion) aid in the pulling action initiall generated by water loss via transpiraiton
TERMS TO KNOWWW: pressure, root, transpiration, water potential, leaf, stomata, guttation, adhesion, cohesion, water, polar, hydrogen bonds, xylem Create a small story of a droplet of water through his/her trip in the tree using the terms above.For example: (highlight for answer) One day a little of droplet was chilling with his brothers and sisters in the soil. Then one day he is absorbed by the root hairs due to the mean evil forces of water potential where he is forced to move to a lower water potential which is in the root. He watched his siblings all travel off into different root hairs shipped off into different plants and play camps. Some of his brothers were lucky enough to be absorbed by some small dicots, magical plants that because of initial root forces they were all forced out of the plant in the morning when it was cool. To the water droplets it was called freedom, to everyone else, it was guttation. The little droplet was not alone. He had a couple friends but they all went sepearte ways. Some went into the apoplast route which went through all the obstecles and plasmademota entering the endodermis, stele then the xylem. Others went through the symplast route and had to go around all the cell walls and face the casparian wall. The little droplet was forced to take this route. The little droplet watched his brothers behind the Casparian Strip as they all soon evaporated into the air to join their ancestors that have roamed the earth since the begining of time. He could not leave the casparian strip so there was only way to go, up. On his way up he developed very strong friendship bonds with a couple of other water droplets. These hydrogen bonds were built off of love and trust. With this inseperable force they called love, they were able to adheed and coheed in adhesion and cohesion to help themselves up. They picked each other up and climbed up the xylem because the evil water potential forces made them and because the droplets refused to let go of each other. The evil forces of water potential were helped out by their axis brothers, evil evaporation. Before long their trip had arrived at the leaf and they were made to walk to plank towards the gaping stomata. It opened when ever their was enough water droplets for it to eat, and closed whenever there was none to eat. All the water droplets were very afraid for their hyrogens. but one by one they were all eaten. :( but! they later found that they soon were no longer water droplets but gas particles that evaporated into the air along with its friends and family and everyone was happy. Turns out the evil forces not only created friendships and love but they also kept a small plant alive. THE END
Or you can do a concept web if your lame...
III. Control and Effects of TranspirationA. 300 gallons of water lost due to transpiration on a hot, sunny, dry day. A day where we would be stuck in a class room when we should be playing outside B. Guard cells balance need for CO2 required for Ps Calvin cycle with loss of water through stomata C. Transpiration is still beneficial a. Drives movement of minerals and nutrients up roots b. Cools leaf by 10-15 degrees C prevention denaturation of key Ps and other important metabolic enzymes. D. Guard Cells change shape due to loss or gain of water, becoming turgid or flaccid. insert picture a. lots of water->turgid--> guard cells open b. without water-->flaccid--> closed
E Accumluation of K+ ions from nearby cells decrease water potential of guard cells a. light may accumulate movemen t of K+ ions into guard cells causing a change in water potential of cells b. depletion of CO2 within spongy parenchema also open stomata c. circadian rhythm may also regulate openings of stomata d. Hormone-abcisic acid produced by H2) depleated cells, close stomata, causes loss of K+ from guard cells
F. How to open the opening a. cool temp b rainy humid days c. blue light d. low carbon dioxide in mesophyll e. circadian rhythm f. increase amount of water within leaf G. How to close it a. water deprive that puppy b. increase amount of abscisic acid in mesophyll c. hot temp d. windy e. dry f. sunny g. dark H. Plant adaptations to prevent water loss a. Small thick leaves b. needle like leaves: NO Ps in needles, Ps in stem only c. Stomata present in depressions, trichomes interrupt water flow out d. C4 CAM adaptiation e Thick cuticle.
IV. Translocation of Sugars in PhloemA. the Bulk Flow 1. movement of large quantities of fluids driven by pressure gradients over long distances i. faster more efficient than diffusion alone, diffusion is efficient only over short distances across cells. 2. negative pressure generated; movement occurs from positive pressure to negative pressure 3. xylem pressure generated by tension from exaporation of water from leaf stomata 4. Phloem pressure generated by hydrostatc pressure due to active transport of sugar by leaf cells B. Translocation is movement of sugars from leaves to other plant organs
C. Sugars move within specific cells called sieve tube memebers D. Phloem contens may also include amino aids, hormones, and minerals E> Movement within plant is multidirectional but follows a pattern 1. from source (made here) 2. to sink (stored here) F. Loading of sugar into phloem may occur via apoplastic route, symplastic route, or active transport. Companion cells are integral to loading process G. Movement of sugars within phloem occurs by bulf flow- movement of materials due to pressure H. Loading of sugars at source phloem decrease the water potential and causes water to flow into the sieve tube via osmosis I. High concentration of water genrated hyrdrostatic pressure and sugar solution is pushed along the phloem tube K. Pressure gradient and water potential decrease at sink location, therefore unloading of sugars at sink need ATP.
Some fun stuff: :)
QUESTION Fill out following diagram (Figure 36.7) using words below Casparian Srtip(2x) Endodermis(2x) Apoplastic Route (2x) Epidermis Symplastic Route (2x) Xylem Vessels Root Hair Cortex Stele
Answer up at the top :) Self explanatory Transport Flow Chart:
Vocab Cheat Sheet Symplast route - Short distance; moves through plasmodesmata (perforations in plant cells) Apoplast route - Short distance; moves through extracellular spaces
Proton pump - hydrolyzes atp and uses the released energy to pump hydrogen ions out of the cell bulk flow - the movement of a fluid driven by pressure mycorrhizae - symbiotic structures consisting of plants roots united with the hyphae of the fungi endodermis - innermost layer of cells in root cortex Casparian Strip - a belt of suberian, a waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals guttation - the exudation of water droplets that is dew.
If I.I
Diagrams/Extra Notes
Chapter 30,35, & 36 Fill In The Blank Review (highlight blank for answer)
1. The name of the female sporophyll onto which pollen lands is called the stigma.
2. Cells mostly involved in photosynthesis in the mesophyll are parenchyma cells. 3. The inner side of the cambium allows for new xylem tubes to grow and causes the old ones to turn into wood.
4. A plant seed that has two cotyledons is called a dicot.
5. The anther of the male sporophyte produces pollen grains.
6. Transpiration is the main cause for water to move through the xylem tubes.
7. The leaf regulates the opening and closing of the stomata through specialized cells called guard cells.
8. During transport of water from roots to the vascular tissue, the water and mineral must pass through an apoplastic route through the casparian strip to enter the vascular tissue.
9. In small plants such as grasses, guttation is the main method for water to travel up the plant.
10. An imperfect flower has either a stamen or carpel.
11. When an angiosperm develops seeds, the ovary swells and becomes a protective case. This case is also known as a fruit.
12. Food is transported through the angiosperms in a method called bulk transport and is moved through the phloem tubes.
13. When cambium makes more phloem cells, they eventually die and become the tree’s bark.
14. Carbon Dioxide enters the plant through opening in the leaf called stomata.
15. One way that guard cells are regulated into either opening or closing is by the concentration of K+ ions, depletion of CO2 in the spongy parenchyma, circadian rhythms, and environmental conditions such as temperature.
16. In phloem tubes, nutrients flow from a source cell to a sink cell, and this is caused by a pressure gradient.
17. Root hairs and mycorrhize are found on plant roots in order to increase the surface area.
18. In a dicot, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring shape.
19. A flower that has all parts on it such as petals, stamen, and more, then it is called complete.
20. In the number of petals on a flower, monocots come in multiples of 3 and dicots come in multiples of 4 or 5.
21. When one sperm meets with one egg, and the second sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei to make a triploid endosperm, this event is called double fertilization.
22. In order for water to travel up the xylem tube, it must demonstrate its affinity for adhesion and cohesion which are capable due to its hydrogen bonding.
23. The movement of sugars through the phloem tubes is called translocation. \
Name the four types of modified leaves that make up a flower: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
A fruit is a mature ovary that may be modified to help disperse seeds.
The gametophyte generation of an angiosperm constitutes male gametophyte (contained within pollen grain, consists of two haploid cells, one of which divides to form two sperm), female gametophyte (embryo sac contained in the ovule that often has eight haploid nuclei in seven cells).
What does a seed consist of? - Embryo and endosperm within a seed coat derived from the integuments of the ovule.
What is a possible function of double fertilization? - Double fertilization may coordinate development of food storage in the seed with the successful fertilization of an egg. A node is a point of stem at which the leaf is attached.
Axillary buds are found at the node in the angle between leaf and stem.
List some of the differences between monocots and dicots.
Plant cells that are dead at functional maturity are sclerenchyma (fibers and sclereids), tracheids, and vessel elements.
The types of plant cells that lack nuclei at functional maturity are sclerenchyma (fibers and sclereids), tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve-tube members.
Growth that occurs in woody plants includes primary growth, which continues to add to the tips of roots and shoots, while secondary growth thickens and strengthens older regions of a woody plant.
Beginning from the outside of a woody tree trunk, list the tissues in order from the list below:
Order (highlight): H, F, A, B, G, D, C, E
A) Primary Phloem E) Pith B) Secondary Phloem F) Cork Cambium C) Primary Xylem G) Vascular Cambium D) Secondary Xylem H) Cork Cells
Fill in the following diagram of meristems adn the primary/secondary tissues they produce:
APICAL MERISTEM / | \ / | \ / | \ Primary Meristems Protoderm Ground Meristem Procambium / / \ / | \ / / \ / | \ Primary Tissues Epidermis Cortex Pith Primary Phloem | Primary Xylem | | Lateral Meristems Cork Cambium Vascular Cambium | / \ Secondary Tissues Cork Cells Secondary Phloem Secondary Xylem
Question Section (Highlight left side of question for answer)
A Which of the following is the correct path that a pollen tube takes to reach the female gametophyte in an angiosperm? A) stigma, style, ovary, ovule, embryo sac B) anther, stigma, filament, ovule, ovum C) stigma, filament, carpel, ovary, ovule D) carpel, pistil, ovary, ovule, embryo sac E) stigma, style, pistil, ovule, ovary
B An example of coevolution is: A) Wind pollination in conifers B) A flower with nectar guides that direct bees to its nectaries C) The synchronization of nutrient development and fertilization resulting from double fertilization D) The retention of the gametophyte generation to weed out harmful mutations E) The development of alternation of generations independently in land plants and some algal groups
D Which of the following is essential to establishing the axial polarity of a plant? A) Expression of different homeotic genes in the shoot and root meristems B) Orientation of microtubules perpendicular to the ground C) The expression of a gene in the shoot but not the root D) The asymmetric first division of the zygote E) The proper orientation of microtubules that control the movement of cellulose-producing enzymes
E What is a usual sign of the change of the apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature phase? A) The production of a flower B) The initiation of secondary growth C) The production of longer internodes D) The activation of axillary buds E) A change in the morphology of leaves produced at nodes
C What do organ identity genes code for? A) The three primary meristems B) Transcription factors for fruit-ripening enzymes C) Transcription factors that control development of floral organs D) Signals that change a vegetative shoot into a floral meristem E) The root and shoot meristems
C In what direction does a plant cell enlarge? A) Toward the basal end B) Parallel to the orientation of microtubules from the preprophase band C) Perpendicular to the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall D) In the direction from which water flows into the cell E) Perpendicular to the internodes
B Clonal analysis of cells of the shoot apex indicates that A) Organ-identity gene mutations substitute one body part for another B) A cell's developmental fate is more influenced by position effects than by its meristematic lineage C) Cellular differentiation results from regulation of gene expression resulting in production of different proteins in different cells D) All cells were derived from the same parent cell E) The apical meristem of the root tip produces the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
D Sieve-tube members A) Are responsible for lateral transport through a woody stem B) Control the activities of phloem cells that have no nuclei or ribosomes C) Have spiral thickenings that allow the cell to elongate along with a young shoot D) Are transport cells with sieve plates in the end walls between cells E) Are tapered water transport cells with pits
E Bark consists of A) Secondary phloem B) Periderm C) Cork cells D) Cork cambium E) All of the above
C Secondary xylem and phloem are produced in a root by the A) Pericycle B) Endodermis C) Vascular cambium D) Apical meristem E) Ray initials
A The zone of cell elongation A) Is responsible for pushing a root through the soil B) Has a quiescent center that can undergo mitosis should the apical meristem be destroyed C) Produces the protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem tissues D) Is further from the root tip than the zone of maturation E) Is or does all of the above
B Ground meristem A) Produces the root system B) Produces the ground tissue system C) Produces secondary growth D) Is meristematic tissue found at the nodes in monocots E) Develops from protoderm
B Axillary buds A) May exhibit apical dominance over the terminal bud B) Form at nodes in the angle where leaves join the stem C) Grow out from the pericycle layer D) Are formed from oddball meristems E) Only develop into vegetative shoots
E Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its function? A) Ray initials -- form radial xylem and phloem rays B) Lenticels -- gas exchange in woody stem C) Root hairs -- absorption of water and dissolved minerals D) Root cap -- protects root as it pushes through soil E) Procambium - meristematic tissue that forms protective layer of cork
A Which of the following is incorrect? Monocots typically have A) a taproot system B) leaves with parallel veins C) no secondary growth D) scattered vascular bundles in the stem rather than bundles in a ring E) pith in the center of the vascular stele in the root
True False Section (Highlight left side of statement for answer)
F All photoautotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes are plants.
F A fruit consists of an embryo, nutritive material, and a protective coat.
F Tracheids are wide, specialized cells arranged end to end for water transport and are found in angiosperms.
F The female gametophyte in angiosperms consists of haploid cells in which a few archegonia develop.
T The male gametophyte in angiosperms is contained within a pollen grain.
Extra -- Labeling of Diagrams -- Answers are in the above diagrams (in the sections on this wiki).
Movies/Links
- About this movie:
Roots grow not only by cell division, but also by the elongation of existing cells. Most cell division takes place in the tip of the root in a region called the apical meristem and in the tissues directly behind the meristem. Following cell division, some of the daughter cells remain as part of the meristem, but the cells 2-4 mm behind the growing tip undergo extensive elongation in the region called the zone of elongation. Elongating cells force the root to grow down through the soil. Water is absorbed mostly by the root hairs which develop in the zone of maturation. The root hairs are small, delicate extensions of the epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area.
Go through this website for a description of the life cycle of an angiosperm with an animation and a quiz: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/angiosperm.html
|
|
Anonymous
Create an account or Log in
|
Comments (1)
Danyal Sheikh said
at 11:52 am on Dec 19, 2008
We need to split up the work/divide the sections -
Contact me @danyal.a.sheikh@gmail.com to begin whenever -
Happy Holidays!
You don't have permission to comment on this page.